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-CITE- 18 USC CHAPTER 228 - DEATH SENTENCE 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART II - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CHAPTER 228 - DEATH SENTENCE -HEAD- CHAPTER 228 - DEATH SENTENCE -MISC1- Sec. 3591. Sentence of death. 3592. Mitigating and aggravating factors to be considered in determining whether a sentence of death is justified. 3593. Special hearing to determine whether a sentence of death is justified. 3594. Imposition of a sentence of death. 3595. Review of a sentence of death. 3596. Implementation of a sentence of death. 3597. Use of State facilities. 3598. Special provisions for Indian country. PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior chapter 228 (Secs. 3591 to 3599) relating to imposition, payment, and collection of fines was added by Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec. 238(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2034, effective pursuant to section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98-473 the first day of the first calendar month beginning twenty-four months after Oct. 12, 1984. Pub. L. 98-596, Sec. 12(a)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3139, repealed chapter 228 applicable pursuant to section 12(b) of Pub. L. 98-596 on and after the date of enactment of Pub. L. 98-473 (Oct. 12, 1984). Section 238(i) of Pub. L. 98-473 which repealed section 238 of Pub. L. 98-473 on the same date established by section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98-473 was repealed by section 12(a)(9) of Pub. L. 98-596. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 3591 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART II - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CHAPTER 228 - DEATH SENTENCE -HEAD- Sec. 3591. Sentence of death -STATUTE- (a) A defendant who has been found guilty of - (1) an offense described in section 794 or section 2381; or (2) any other offense for which a sentence of death is provided, if the defendant, as determined beyond a reasonable doubt at the hearing under section 3593 - (A) intentionally killed the victim; (B) intentionally inflicted serious bodily injury that resulted in the death of the victim; (C) intentionally participated in an act, contemplating that the life of a person would be taken or intending that lethal force would be used in connection with a person, other than one of the participants in the offense, and the victim died as a direct result of the act; or (D) intentionally and specifically engaged in an act of violence, knowing that the act created a grave risk of death to a person, other than one of the participants in the offense, such that participation in the act constituted a reckless disregard for human life and the victim died as a direct result of the act, shall be sentenced to death if, after consideration of the factors set forth in section 3592 in the course of a hearing held pursuant to section 3593, it is determined that imposition of a sentence of death is justified, except that no person may be sentenced to death who was less than 18 years of age at the time of the offense. (b) A defendant who has been found guilty of - (1) an offense referred to in section 408(c)(1) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 848(c)(1)), committed as part of a continuing criminal enterprise offense under the conditions described in subsection (b) of that section which involved not less than twice the quantity of controlled substance described in subsection (b)(2)(A) or twice the gross receipts described in subsection (b)(2)(B); or (2) an offense referred to in section 408(c)(1) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 848(c)(1)), committed as part of a continuing criminal enterprise offense under that section, where the defendant is a principal administrator, organizer, or leader of such an enterprise, and the defendant, in order to obstruct the investigation or prosecution of the enterprise or an offense involved in the enterprise, attempts to kill or knowingly directs, advises, authorizes, or assists another to attempt to kill any public officer, juror, witness, or members of the family or household of such a person, shall be sentenced to death if, after consideration of the factors set forth in section 3592 in the course of a hearing held pursuant to section 3593, it is determined that imposition of a sentence of death is justified, except that no person may be sentenced to death who was less than 18 years of age at the time of the offense. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 103-322, title VI, Sec. 60002(a), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1959.) -MISC1- SHORT TITLE Section 60001 of title VI of Pub. L. 103-322 provided that: "This title [enacting this chapter and sections 36, 37, 1118 to 1121, 2245, 2280, 2281, and 2332a of this title, amending sections 34, 241, 242, 245, 247, 794, 844, 924, 930, 1091, 1111, 1114, 1116, 1117, 1201, 1203, 1503, 1512, 1513, 1716, 1958, 1959, 1992, 2113, 2119, 2251, 2332, 2340A, 3005, and 3432 of this title and section 1324 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, renumbering former section 2245 of this title as 2246, repealing section 46503 of Title 49, Transportation, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 36, 37, and 2280 of this title] may be cited as the 'Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994'." APPLICABILITY TO UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE Section 60004 of title VI of Pub. L. 103-322 provided that: "Chapter 228 of title 18, United States Code, as added by this title, shall not apply to prosecutions under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (10 U.S.C. 801)." -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 3559, 3592, 3593 of this title. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 3592 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART II - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CHAPTER 228 - DEATH SENTENCE -HEAD- Sec. 3592. Mitigating and aggravating factors to be considered in determining whether a sentence of death is justified -STATUTE- (a) Mitigating Factors. - In determining whether a sentence of death is to be imposed on a defendant, the finder of fact shall consider any mitigating factor, including the following: (1) Impaired capacity. - The defendant's capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of the defendant's conduct or to conform conduct to the requirements of law was significantly impaired, regardless of whether the capacity was so impaired as to constitute a defense to the charge. (2) Duress. - The defendant was under unusual and substantial duress, regardless of whether the duress was of such a degree as to constitute a defense to the charge. (3) Minor participation. - The defendant is punishable as a principal in the offense, which was committed by another, but the defendant's participation was relatively minor, regardless of whether the participation was so minor as to constitute a defense to the charge. (4) Equally culpable defendants. - Another defendant or defendants, equally culpable in the crime, will not be punished by death. (5) No prior criminal record. - The defendant did not have a significant prior history of other criminal conduct. (6) Disturbance. - The defendant committed the offense under severe mental or emotional disturbance. (7) Victim's consent. - The victim consented to the criminal conduct that resulted in the victim's death. (8) Other factors. - Other factors in the defendant's background, record, or character or any other circumstance of the offense that mitigate against imposition of the death sentence. (b) Aggravating Factors for Espionage and Treason. - In determining whether a sentence of death is justified for an offense described in section 3591(a)(1), the jury, or if there is no jury, the court, shall consider each of the following aggravating factors for which notice has been given and determine which, if any, exist: (1) Prior espionage or treason offense. - The defendant has previously been convicted of another offense involving espionage or treason for which a sentence of either life imprisonment or death was authorized by law. (2) Grave risk to national security. - In the commission of the offense the defendant knowingly created a grave risk of substantial danger to the national security. (3) Grave risk of death. - In the commission of the offense the defendant knowingly created a grave risk of death to another person. The jury, or if there is no jury, the court, may consider whether any other aggravating factor for which notice has been given exists. (c) Aggravating Factors for Homicide. - In determining whether a sentence of death is justified for an offense described in section 3591(a)(2), the jury, or if there is no jury, the court, shall consider each of the following aggravating factors for which notice has been given and determine which, if any, exist: (1) Death during commission of another crime. - The death, or injury resulting in death, occurred during the commission or attempted commission of, or during the immediate flight from the commission of, an offense under section 32 (destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities), section 33 (destruction of motor vehicles or motor vehicle facilities), section 37 (violence at international airports), section 351 (violence against Members of Congress, Cabinet officers, or Supreme Court Justices), an offense under section 751 (prisoners in custody of institution or officer), section 794 (gathering or delivering defense information to aid foreign government), section 844(d) (transportation of explosives in interstate commerce for certain purposes), section 844(f) (destruction of Government property by explosives), section 1118 (prisoners serving life term), section 1201 (kidnapping), section 844(i) (destruction of property affecting interstate commerce by explosives), section 1116 (killing or attempted killing of diplomats), section 1203 (hostage taking), section 1992 (wrecking trains), section 2280 (maritime violence), section 2281 (maritime platform violence), section 2332 (terrorist acts abroad against United States nationals), section 2332a (use of weapons of mass destruction), or section 2381 (treason) of this title, or section 46502 of title 49, United States Code (aircraft piracy). (2) Previous conviction of violent felony involving firearm. - For any offense, other than an offense for which a sentence of death is sought on the basis of section 924(c), the defendant has previously been convicted of a Federal or State offense punishable by a term of imprisonment of more than 1 year, involving the use or attempted or threatened use of a firearm (as defined in section 921) against another person. (3) Previous conviction of offense for which a sentence of death or life imprisonment was authorized. - The defendant has previously been convicted of another Federal or State offense resulting in the death of a person, for which a sentence of life imprisonment or a sentence of death was authorized by statute. (4) Previous conviction of other serious offenses. - The defendant has previously been convicted of 2 or more Federal or State offenses, punishable by a term of imprisonment of more than 1 year, committed on different occasions, involving the infliction of, or attempted infliction of, serious bodily injury or death upon another person. (5) Grave risk of death to additional persons. - The defendant, in the commission of the offense, or in escaping apprehension for the violation of the offense, knowingly created a grave risk of death to 1 or more persons in addition to the victim of the offense. (6) Heinous, cruel, or depraved manner of committing offense. - The defendant committed the offense in an especially heinous, cruel, or depraved manner in that it involved torture or serious physical abuse to the victim. (7) Procurement of offense by payment. - The defendant procured the commission of the offense by payment, or promise of payment, of anything of pecuniary value. (8) Pecuniary gain. - The defendant committed the offense as consideration for the receipt, or in the expectation of the receipt, of anything of pecuniary value. (9) Substantial planning and premeditation. - The defendant committed the offense after substantial planning and premeditation to cause the death of a person or commit an act of terrorism. (10) Conviction for two felony drug offenses. - The defendant has previously been convicted of 2 or more State or Federal offenses punishable by a term of imprisonment of more than one year, committed on different occasions, involving the distribution of a controlled substance. (11) Vulnerability of victim. - The victim was particularly vulnerable due to old age, youth, or infirmity. (12) Conviction for serious federal drug offenses. - The defendant had previously been convicted of violating title II or III of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 for which a sentence of 5 or more years may be imposed or had previously been convicted of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise. (13) Continuing criminal enterprise involving drug sales to minors. - The defendant committed the offense in the course of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise in violation of section 408(c) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 848(c)), and that violation involved the distribution of drugs to persons under the age of 21 in violation of section 418 of that Act (21 U.S.C. 859). (14) High public officials. - The defendant committed the offense against - (A) the President of the United States, the President-elect, the Vice President, the Vice President-elect, the Vice President-designate, or, if there is no Vice President, the officer next in order of succession to the office of the President of the United States, or any person who is acting as President under the Constitution and laws of the United States; (B) a chief of state, head of government, or the political equivalent, of a foreign nation; (C) a foreign official listed in section 1116(b)(3)(A), if the official is in the United States on official business; or (D) a Federal public servant who is a judge, a law enforcement officer, or an employee of a United States penal or correctional institution - (i) while he or she is engaged in the performance of his or her official duties; (ii) because of the performance of his or her official duties; or (iii) because of his or her status as a public servant. For purposes of this subparagraph, a "law enforcement officer" is a public servant authorized by law or by a Government agency or Congress to conduct or engage in the prevention, investigation, or prosecution or adjudication of an offense, and includes those engaged in corrections, parole, or probation functions. (15) Prior conviction of sexual assault or child molestation. - In the case of an offense under chapter 109A (sexual abuse) or chapter 110 (sexual abuse of children), the defendant has previously been convicted of a crime of sexual assault or crime of child molestation. (16) Multiple killings or attempted killings. - The defendant intentionally killed or attempted to kill more than one person in a single criminal episode. The jury, or if there is no jury, the court, may consider whether any other aggravating factor for which notice has been given exists. (d) Aggravating Factors for Drug Offense Death Penalty. - In determining whether a sentence of death is justified for an offense described in section 3591(b), the jury, or if there is no jury, the court, shall consider each of the following aggravating factors for which notice has been given and determine which, if any, exist: (1) Previous conviction of offense for which a sentence of death or life imprisonment was authorized. - The defendant has previously been convicted of another Federal or State offense resulting in the death of a person, for which a sentence of life imprisonment or death was authorized by statute. (2) Previous conviction of other serious offenses. - The defendant has previously been convicted of two or more Federal or State offenses, each punishable by a term of imprisonment of more than one year, committed on different occasions, involving the importation, manufacture, or distribution of a controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802)) or the infliction of, or attempted infliction of, serious bodily injury or death upon another person. (3) Previous serious drug felony conviction. - The defendant has previously been convicted of another Federal or State offense involving the manufacture, distribution, importation, or possession of a controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802)) for which a sentence of five or more years of imprisonment was authorized by statute. (4) Use of firearm. - In committing the offense, or in furtherance of a continuing criminal enterprise of which the offense was a part, the defendant used a firearm or knowingly directed, advised, authorized, or assisted another to use a firearm to threaten, intimidate, assault, or injure a person. (5) Distribution to persons under 21. - The offense, or a continuing criminal enterprise of which the offense was a part, involved conduct proscribed by section 418 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 859) which was committed directly by the defendant. (6) Distribution near schools. - The offense, or a continuing criminal enterprise of which the offense was a part, involved conduct proscribed by section 419 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 860) which was committed directly by the defendant. (7) Using minors in trafficking. - The offense, or a continuing criminal enterprise of which the offense was a part, involved conduct proscribed by section 420 of the

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