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may be subject to an enhancement under §3B1.3 (Abuse of Position of Trust or Use of Special Skill). Certain professionals often occupy essential positions in drug trafficking schemes. These professionals include doctors, pilots, boat captains, financiers, bankers, attorneys, chemists, accountants, and others whose special skill, trade, profession, or position may be used to significantly facilitate the commission of a drug offense. Note, however, that if an adjustment from subsection (b)(2)(B) applies, do not apply §3B1.3 (Abuse of Position of Trust or Use of Special Skill). 9. Trafficking in controlled substances, compounds, or mixtures of unusually high purity may warrant an upward departure, except in the case of PCP, amphetamine, methamphetamine, or oxycodone for which the guideline itself provides for the consideration of purity (see the footnote to the Drug Quantity Table). The purity of the controlled substance, particularly in the case of heroin, may be relevant in the sentencing process because it is probative of the defendant’s role or position in the chain of distribution. Since controlled substances are often diluted and combined with other substances as they pass down the chain of distribution, the fact that a defendant is in possession of unusually pure narcotics may indicate a prominent role in the criminal enterprise and proximity to the source of the drugs. As large quantities are normally associated with high purities, this factor is particularly relevant where smaller quantities are involved. 10. The Commission has used the sentences provided in, and equivalences derived from, the statute (21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)), as the primary basis for the guideline sentences. The statute, however, provides direction only for the more common controlled substances, i.e., heroin, cocaine, PCP, methamphetamine, fentanyl, LSD and marihuana. The Drug Equivalency Tables set forth below provide conversion factors for other substances, which the Drug Quantity Table refers to as "equivalents" of these drugs. For example, one gram of a substance containing oxymorphone, a Schedule I opiate, is to be treated as the equivalent of five kilograms of marihuana in applying the Drug Quantity Table. §2D1.1 GUIDELINES MANUAL November 1, 2005 – 144 – The Drug Equivalency Tables also provide a means for combining differing controlled substances to obtain a single offense level. In each case, convert each of the drugs to its marihuana equivalent, add the quantities, and look up the total in the Drug Quantity Table to obtain the combined offense level. For certain types of controlled substances, the marihuana equivalencies in the Drug Equivalency Tables are "capped" at specified amounts (e.g., the combined equivalent weight of all Schedule V controlled substances shall not exceed 999 grams of marihuana). Where there are controlled substances from more than one schedule (e.g., a quantity of a Schedule IV substance and a quantity of a Schedule V substance), determine the marihuana equivalency for each schedule separately (subject to the cap, if any, applicable to that schedule). Then add the marihuana equivalencies to determine the combined marihuana equivalency (subject to the cap, if any, applicable to the combined amounts). Note: Because of the statutory equivalences, the ratios in the Drug Equivalency Tables do not necessarily reflect dosages based on pharmacological equivalents. Examples: a. The defendant is convicted of selling 70 grams of a substance containing PCP (Level 22) and 250 milligrams of a substance containing LSD (Level 18). The PCP converts to 70 kilograms of marihuana; the LSD converts to 25 kilograms of marihuana. The total is therefore equivalent to 95 kilograms of marihuana, for which the Drug Quantity Table provides an offense level of 24. b. The defendant is convicted of selling 500 grams of marihuana (Level 8) and five kilograms of diazepam (Level 8). The diazepam, a Schedule IV drug, is equivalent to 625 grams of marihuana. The total, 1.125 kilograms of marihuana, has an offense level of 10 in the Drug Quantity Table. c. The defendant is convicted of selling 80 grams of cocaine (Level 16) and five kilograms of marihuana (Level 14). The cocaine is equivalent to 16 kilograms of marihuana. The total is therefore equivalent to 21 kilograms of marihuana, which has an offense level of 18 in the Drug Quantity Table. d. The defendant is convicted of selling 56,000 units of a Schedule III substance, 100,000 units of a Schedule IV substance, and 200,000 units of a Schedule V substance. The marihuana equivalency for the Schedule III substance is 56 kilograms of marihuana (below the cap of 59.99 kilograms of marihuana set forth as the maximum equivalent weight for Schedule III substances). The marihuana equivalency for the Schedule IV substance is subject to a cap of 4.99 kilograms of marihuana set forth as the maximum equivalent weight for Schedule IV substances (without the cap it would have been 6.25 kilograms). The marihuana equivalency for the Schedule V substance is subject to the cap of 999 grams of marihuana set forth as the maximum equivalent weight for Schedule V substances (without the cap it would have been 1.25 kilograms). The combined equivalent weight, determined by adding together the above amounts, is subject to the cap of 59.99 kilograms of marihuana set forth as the maximum combined equivalent weight for Schedule III, IV, and V substances. Without the cap, the combined equivalent weight would have been 61.99 (56 + 4.99 + .999) kilograms. November 1, 2005 GUIDELINES MANUAL §2D1.1 – 145 – DRUG EQUIVALENCY TABLES Schedule I or II Opiates* 1 gm of Heroin = 1 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Alpha-Methylfentanyl = 10 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Dextromoramide = 670 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Dipipanone = 250 gm of marihuana 1 gm of 3-Methylfentanyl = 10 kg of marihuana 1 gm of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine/MPPP = 700 gm of marihuana 1 gm of 1-(2-Phenylethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetyloxypiperidine/ PEPAP = 700 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Alphaprodine = 100 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Fentanyl (N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4- piperidinyl] Propanamide) = 2.5 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Hydromorphone/Dihydromorphinone = 2.5 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Levorphanol = 2.5 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Meperidine/Pethidine = 50 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Methadone = 500 gm of marihuana 1 gm of 6-Monoacetylmorphine = 1 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Morphine = 500 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Oxycodone (actual) = 6700 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Oxymorphone = 5 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Racemorphan = 800 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Codeine = 80 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Dextropropoxyphene/Propoxyphene-Bulk = 50 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Ethylmorphine = 165 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Hydrocodone/Dihydrocodeinone = 500 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Mixed Alkaloids of Opium/Papaveretum = 250 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Opium = 50 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM)= 3 kg of marihuana *Provided, that the minimum offense level from the Drug Quantity Table for any of these controlled substances individually, or in combination with another controlled substance, is level 12. Cocaine and Other Schedule I and II Stimulants (and their immediate precursors)* 1 gm of Cocaine = 200 gm of marihuana 1 gm of N-Ethylamphetamine = 80 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Fenethylline = 40 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Amphetamine = 2 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Amphetamine (Actual) = 20 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Methamphetamine = 2 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Methamphetamine (Actual) = 20 kg of marihuana 1 gm of "Ice" = 20 kg of marihuana §2D1.1 GUIDELINES MANUAL November 1, 2005 – 146 – 1 gm of Khat = .01 gm of marihuana 1 gm of 4-Methylaminorex ("Euphoria")= 100 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Methylphenidate (Ritalin)= 100 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Phenmetrazine = 80 gm of marihuana 1 gm Phenylacetone/P2P (when possessed for the purpose of manufacturing methamphetamine) = 416 gm of marihuana 1 gm Phenylacetone/P2P (in any other case) = 75 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Cocaine Base ("Crack") = 20 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Aminorex = 100 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Methcathinone = 380 gm of marihuana 1 gm of N-N-Dimethylamphetamine = 40 gm of marihuana *Provided, that the minimum offense level from the Drug Quantity Table for any of these controlled substances individually, or in combination with another controlled substance, is level 12. LSD, PCP, and Other Schedule I and II Hallucinogens (and their immediate precursors)* 1 gm of Bufotenine = 70 gm of marihuana 1 gm of D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/Lysergide/LSD = 100 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Diethyltryptamine/DET = 80 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Dimethyltryptamine/DMT = 100 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Mescaline = 10 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Mushrooms containing Psilocin and/or Psilocybin (Dry) = 1 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Mushrooms containing Psilocin and/or Psilocybin (Wet) = 0.1 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Peyote (Dry) = 0.5 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Peyote (Wet) = 0.05 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Phencyclidine/PCP = 1 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Phencyclidine (actual) /PCP (actual) = 10 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Psilocin = 500 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Psilocybin = 500 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Pyrrolidine Analog of Phencyclidine/PHP = 1 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Thiophene Analog of Phencyclidine/TCP = 1 kg of marihuana 1 gm of 4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine/DOB = 2.5 kg of marihuana 1 gm of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine/DOM = 1.67 kg of marihuana 1 gm of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine/MDA = 500 gm of marihuana 1 gm of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine/MDMA = 500 gm of marihuana 1 gm of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine/MDEA= 500 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Paramethoxymethamphetamine/PMA = 500 gm of marihuana 1 gm of 1-Piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile/PCC = 680 gm of marihuana 1 gm of N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine (PCE) = 1 kg of marihuana *Provided, that the minimum offense level from the Drug Quantity Table for any of these controlled substances individually, or in combination with another controlled substance, is level 12. Schedule I Marihuana November 1, 2005 GUIDELINES MANUAL §2D1.1 – 147 – 1 gm of Marihuana/Cannabis, granulated, powdered, etc. = 1 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Hashish Oil = 50 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Cannabis Resin or Hashish = 5 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Tetrahydrocannabinol, Organic = 167 gm of marihuana 1 gm of Tetrahydrocannabinol, Synthetic = 167 gm of marihuana Flunitrazepam ** 1 unit of Flunitrazepam = 16 gm of marihuana **Provided, that the minimum offense level from the Drug Quantity Table for flunitrazepam individually, or in combination with any Schedule I or II depressants, Schedule III substances, Schedule IV substances, and Schedule V substances is level 8. Schedule I or II Depressants (except gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) 1 unit of a Schedule I or II Depressant (except gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) = 1 gm of marihuana Gamma-hydroxybutyric Acid 1 ml of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid = 8.8 gm of marihuana Schedule III Substances*** 1 unit of a Schedule III Substance = 1 gm of marihuana ***Provided, that the combined equivalent weight of all Schedule III substances, Schedule IV substances (except flunitrazepam), and Schedule V substances shall not exceed 59.99 kilograms of marihuana. Schedule IV Substances (except flunitrazepam)**** 1 unit of a Schedule IV Substance (except Flunitrazepam)= 0.0625 gm of marihuana ****Provided, that the combined equivalent weight of all Schedule IV (except flunitrazepam) and V substances shall not exceed 4.99 kilograms of marihuana. Schedule V Substances***** §2D1.1 GUIDELINES MANUAL November 1, 2005 – 148 – 1 unit of a Schedule V Substance = 0.00625 gm of marihuana *****Provided, that the combined equivalent weight of Schedule V substances shall not exceed 999 grams of marihuana. List I Chemicals (relating to the manufacture of amphetamine or methamphetamine )****** 1 gm of Ephedrine = 10 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Phenylpropanolamine = 10 kg of marihuana 1 gm of Pseudoephedrine = 10 kg of marihuana ******Provided, that in a case involving ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine tablets, use the weight of the ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine contained in the tablets, not the weight of the entire tablets, in calculating the base offense level. To facilitate conversions to drug equivalencies, the following table is provided: MEASUREMENT CONVERSION TABLE 1 oz = 28.35 gm 1 lb = 453.6 gm 1 lb = 0.4536 kg 1 gal = 3.785 liters 1 qt = 0.946 liters 1 gm = 1 ml (liquid) 1 liter = 1,000 ml 1 kg = 1,000 gm 1 gm = 1,000 mg 1 grain = 64.8 mg. 11. If the number of doses, pills, or capsules but not the weight of the controlled substance is known, multiply the number of doses, pills, or capsules by the typical weight per dose in the table below to estimate the total weight of the controlled substance (e.g., 100 doses of Mescaline at 500 mg per dose = 50 gms of mescaline). The Typical Weight Per Unit Table, prepared from information provided by the Drug Enforcement Administration, displays the typical weight per dose, pill, or capsule for certain controlled substances. Do not use this table if any more reliable estimate of the total weight is available from case-specific information. TYPICAL WEIGHT PER UNIT (DOSE, PILL, OR CAPSULE) TABLE Hallucinogens MDA 250 mg MDMA 250 mg Mescaline 500 mg PCP* 5 mg Peyote (dry) 12 gm November 1, 2005 GUIDELINES MANUAL §2D1.1 – 149 – Peyote (wet) 120 gm Psilocin* 10 mg Psilocybe mushrooms (dry) 5 gm Psilocybe mushrooms (wet) 50 gm Psilocybin* 10 mg 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (STP, DOM)* 3 mg Marihuana 1 marihuana cigarette 0.5 gm Stimulants Amphetamine* 10 mg Methamphetamine* 5 mg Phenmetrazine (Preludin)* 75 mg *For controlled substances marked with an asterisk, the weight per unit shown is the weight of the actual controlled substance, and not generally the weight of the mixture or substance containing the controlled substance. Therefore, use of this table provides a very conservative estimate of the total weight. 12. Types and quantities of drugs not specified in the count of conviction may be considered in determining the offense level. See §1B1.3(a)(2) (Relevant Conduct). Where there is no drug seizure or the amount seized does not reflect the scale of the offense, the court shall approximate the quantity of the controlled substance. In making this determination, the court may consider, for example, the price generally obtained for the controlled substance, financial or other records, similar transactions in controlled substances by the defendant, and the size or capability of any laboratory involved. If the offense involved both a substantive drug offense and an attempt or conspiracy (e.g., sale of five grams of heroin and an attempt to sell an additional ten grams of heroin), the total quantity involved shall be aggregated to determine the scale of the offense. In an offense involving an agreement to sell a controlled substance, the agreed-upon quantity of the controlled substance shall be used to determine the offense level unless the sale is completed and the amount delivered more accurately reflects the scale of the offense. For example, a defendant agrees to sell 500 grams of cocaine, the transaction is completed by the delivery of the controlled substance - actually 480 grams of cocaine, and no further delivery is scheduled. In this example, the amount delivered more accurately reflects the scale of the offense. In contrast, in a reverse sting, the agreed-upon quantity of the controlled substance would more accurately reflect the scale of the offense because the amount actually delivered is controlled by the government, not by the defendant. If, however, the defendant establishes that the defendant did not intend to provide or purchase, or was not reasonably capable of providing or purchasing, the agreed-upon quantity of the controlled substance, the court shall exclude from the offense level determination the amount of controlled substance that the defendant establishes that the defendant did not intend to provide or purchase or was not §2D1.1 GUIDELINES MANUAL November 1, 2005 – 150 – reasonably capable of providing or purchasing. 13. Certain pharmaceutical preparations are classified as Schedule III, IV, or V controlled substances by the Drug Enforcement Administration under 21 C.F.R. § 1308.13-15 even though they contain a small amount of a Schedule I or II controlled substance. For example, Tylenol 3 is classified as a Schedule III controlled substance even though it contains a small amount of codeine, a Schedule II opiate. For the purposes of the guidelines, the classification of the controlled substance under 21 C.F.R. § 1308.13-15 is the appropriate classification. 14. If, in a reverse sting (an operation in which a government agent sells or negotiates to sell a controlled substance to a defendant), the court finds that the government agent set a price for the controlled substance that was substantially below the market value of the controlled substance, thereby leading to the defendant’s purchase of a significantly greater quantity of the controlled substance than his available re

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